Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes Essay

Prà ©ciso of Meditations on First Philosophy Through his series of books, Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes enlightens his philosophical ideas about knowledge in which we should discard all belief we aren’t absolute certain about and establishes what we know for sure. In the introduction he clarifying the main ideas of each of the 6 books and using to them build up to his belief. Starting with the First Meditations, he discusses about doubt. He believed that there are no real foundations for sciences that we have learned up until now and for that is a reason for us to doubt. In his Second Meditations he response to his first main point of doubt and links it to our mind and body. Our body and mind cannot truly be one. He mentions the possibility of an afterlife. When we die our body starts to decay and disappears, but does not display mind does not. How do we know the afterlife exists through? Descartes claims two reasoning needs to come true. The first is the existence of god. We need to know that absolutely everything is created by god and everything cannot crease to exists unless they are reduced to nothing by god. The other reasoning involves our bodies. We have to perceive our bodies a substance, so they can never really depart. In this book he also explains how our mind can be easily deceived by gives an example of wax. In different circumstances the wax can have a different shape or a different sense. (the way the wax feels or smells, etc.). There is noShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy1234 Words   |  5 Pages In Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes does and experiment with wax to try to prove that things actually exist in this world. This essay is going to prove how we can tell that things actually exist and what can perceive the wax. Rene Descartes starts off with a description of the wax so he can prove to us the changes that will happen throughout his experiment. â€Å"Let us take, for instance, this piece of wax. It has been taken quite recently from theRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes916 Words   |  4 Pages The Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes is a thorough analysis about doubt. Descartes describes his method of doubt to determine whether he can truly know something. One of his major arguments is the proof of the existence of God. In this paper, I will attempt to unravel the flaws in Descartes proof that God exists. In the meditations, Descartes evaluates whether or not everything we know is a reality or a dream. Descartes claims that we can only be sure that our beliefs are trueRead MoreMeditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes philosophies made a substantial advancement in enabling us to understand the world around us by querying many of the Aristotelian doctrines that are still being discussed in philosophy today. He attempts to answer the question; can you fully trust your senses? Descartes uses methodological doubt, which is a process of being skeptical about truths of someone’s belief to revoke from his senses. In Meditation One: Concerning Those Things That Can BeRead MoreRene Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy1758 Words   |  8 PagesPerhaps the most startling conclusion reached by Renà © Descartes in Meditations on First Philosophy is his proposed disconnection between the Mind and Body. Striving to separate the spiritual from the corporeal to enable scientific examination of the earthly without interference from the divine, Descartes conceives that the two basic human substances, Mind and Body, are distinct and therefore able to exist separate of one another in his [in]famous claim of substance dualism. His conclusions rest uponRead MoreEssay on Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes1561 Words   |  7 Pages In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes writes to rid pre-conceptions, and disprove all belief in thoughts that are not certain, accepting only what can be known for sure. In his Meditation VI: Of the Existence of Material Things, and the Real Distinction between the Mind and Body of Man, he discusses his belief that the mind and body are two separate substances, claiming that the nonmaterial mind and the material body, while being ontologically distinct substances, causallyRead MoreRene Descartes s Meditation On First Philosophy802 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes objective in Meditation on First Philosophy is to construct philosophy as a solid methodical study and discipline alike the sciences. To do so he must first suspend belief in all things doubtful and from their go about verifying the true concepts of the world. In meditation II he verifies that he is a thinking thing and finds that the certainty of the cogito â€Å"I think therefore I am† lies in the distinct perception of what he affirms. From this he generates a general rule of evidenceRead More Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Essay1946 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Rene Descartes’ third meditation from his book Meditations on First Philosophy, examines Descartes’ arguments for the existence of God. The purpose of this essay will be to explore Descartes’ reasoning and proofs of God’s existence. In the third meditation, Descartes states two arguments attempting to prove God’s existence, the Trademark argument and the traditional Cosmological argument. Although his arguments are strong and relatively truthfulRead MoreEssay on Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy2121 Words   |  9 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Descartes believes that knowledge comes from within the mind. This is a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. While seeking true knowledge, Descartes writes his Six Meditations. In these meditations, Descartes tries to develop a strong foundation, which all knowledge can be built upon. In the First Meditation, Descartes begins developing this founda tion through the method of doubt. He casts doubt upon all his previous beliefs, including â€Å"mattersRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Essay 1 Rene Descartes was born in in La Haye, France, in 1596 and he studied at La Fleche Jesuit College and University of Poitiers. Descartes also lived in Germany, Holland and Sweden. He then worked in the army as a private councillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is reality? Among these writers were Renà ¨ Descartes and George Berkeley, who respectively argued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’s first meditation, he claims it is unable to be proven whether

Marketing Essay - 1411 Words

Questions for Lesson 1 Define marketing and the two goals of marketing. As a company president, explain why each of the two goals of marketing is important to your company. Give examples. Marketing deals mainly with customers although it can have many definitions. This simplest definition is: Marketing is managing profitable customer relationship. (Kotler Armstrong, 2008). Marketing has two main goals of attracting new customers and keeping current customers. In my company the goals of attracting new customers and maintaining current customers is essential to keeping the company profitable and relevant. My company Vice GOLD, which is a clothing brand, will be launching soon and our marketing has to be effective. We have good reviews†¦show more content†¦The next step in the process is to design a customer driven marketing strategy. They do this by choosing target markets and work on building profitable relationships. This is important because you have to know who to serve and how to best serve them. BMW has target market of affluent professionals and their tagline â€Å"the Ultimate Driving Machine† promises fun and excitement in driving their cars. The third step is preparing an integrated marketing program that will actually deliver the intended value to target customers. In this step the marketing strategy is turned into action. The marketing mix, which are the tools used to implement a marketing strategy, has four main parts: product, price, place, promotion. The forth and most important step is building profitable customer relationships. With this step the company must provide excellent customer value and satisfaction because this creates loyal customers. BMW creates value for their customers because of their high performance and reliable vehicles that also serves as a status symbol to their target market. Also BMW is known for it’s highly focused customer service from purchasing to service and maintenance of the vehicles. This creates satisfaction for their current customers and build and builds positive reputation for BMW. This leads to the fifth and final step of the processShow MoreRelatedMarketing Essay2135 Words   |  9 PagesErin Lister s1125903 Business Studies 1 Henry Aitken 24th November 2011 Marketing a) With reference to the readings and your own literature research, outline and critically assess the idea of ‘sustainable marketing’. b) Provide an example of ‘sustainable’ marketing and justify your choice of organisation or brand with reference to their current marketing activities. Sustainability has been defined as ‘the consumption of goods and services that meet basic needs and quality of lifeRead Moremarketing essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesIllustrate with examples how companies demonstrate their customer orientation by reference to at least two elements of the marketing mix. BA(Hons) Business and Management Dr. Clair May Seminar group: I Marvin Taria (14474868) Word count: 1700 This essay will start to explore and define the meaning of customer orientation in depth. The marketing concept and the marketing mix will help discover after what it means to be a customer focused firm. This will occur through the scrutiny of the termRead MoreMarketing Essay2309 Words   |  10 PagesPOSITIVES OF MARKETING CONCEPT OVER NEGATIVES OF TODAY’S MARKETING PRACTICES By Student’s Name Institution Professor Course Code Date Marketing is one of the fields in business management. The field involves business organizations and their customers as the key players. Marketing involves an organization or a company identifying and anticipating their customer’s needs and satisfying them in a profitable way. Marketing is a broad field and it encompasses marketing concept and marketing practices. MarketingRead MoreEssay on Marketing863 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing Applications #1 Which environmental forces sociocultural, economic, political, legal, regulatory social ethical, competitive, or technical, might a marketer need to consider when marketing the following products in the international marketplace and why? †¢ Barbie Dolls †¢ Beer †¢ Financial Services †¢ Televisions International Marketing involves developing and performing marketing activities across national boundaries. Marketing is the process of creating, distributing, promoting, andRead More marketing Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businessesRead MoreEssay Marketing600 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT # 4: FINANCIALS Due via email by: Sunday, November 16th (11:59pm) Please show your work – either by hand and scanned in or you can use a program like Excel or Word. If you show your work, I can give you partial credit for incorrect answers. Question # 1: A retailer has yearly sales of $650,000. Inventory on January 1 is $260,000 (at cost). During the year, $500,000 of merchandise (at cost) is purchased. The ending inventory is $275,000 (at cost). Operating costs are $90,000. a. CalculateRead MoreEssay History Marketing1353 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular context/socio-economic situation in which modern marketing emerged and thrived    Part b) You should then discuss in what ways this context has changed and how the marketing discipline has changed amp; needs to change further in order to adapt to the current and future needs of firms, consumers/customers; perhaps even alluding to society in general. According to Marketing Association (1985, as cited D. Hall and R. Jones 2010: 48) Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conceptionRead MoreMarketing Essay7495 Words   |  30 PagesChapter 1 Marketing Creating and Capturing Customer Value 1) According to the five-step model of the marketing process, the first step in marketing is ________. 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And in the next part , it will give the example by choosingRead More Marketing Essays2217 Words   |  9 Pages Marketing Different Companies have different methods of selling their products, some companies decide to launch an item and wait for the results of the sales. Another method of selling a product is to research the market in which it is to be sold. There are various ways of conducting some market research, much depends on the item you wish to sell, the time you may have to research and the amount of money that is available. People who are expected to be consumers

Riots Manuscript and Blog Free Essays

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. I am †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , a politically active student. We will write a custom essay sample on Riots: Manuscript and Blog or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mayor of London has invited me, to give a speech about riots in London. I would also talk about what we can do to prevent a similar incident. As mentioned, my speech today will mainly be about riots and some several reasons for that. Moreover, I will give some suggestions about what we can do to prevent the riots. I will focus on what the society can do to solve this situation. I will also speech about what the parents and the teachers’ can do for keep the children out of the riots. If some of you don’t know what riots are. I can tell you that it is a form of civil disorder which is characterized by groups how lashing out in a rash of violence against authority, property or people. The riots start on August the 4th, because a policeman killed an Afro-Caribbean man. His family has decided to stage a peaceful protest but it ended out of control. The traffic was diverted and people started crashing, smashing and looting. For many people, it was a staggering situations and completely unrealistic. The big question is:† What are the reasons for riots?† The protest for the Afro-Caribbean man was just an opportunity to show their dissatisfaction for the society. Big parts of the population are talking about how the policemen were not able to stop the criminality from vandalising and stealing. The word about riots was spread to South London. Due to this change of area, it is clearly that they have entirely different motives from here on. People all over London have begun to make different sorts of riots. The motive for many of the criminals became â€Å"making money, pure terror, havoc and free stuff†. We can conclude that these different episodes with riots have nothing to do with each other. Experts are discussing what the motives are. They have formed some theories about the motives and the most mentioned arguments are: unemployment, poverty and gang related crime. There are kids down to an age of 9 how robbed homes, stores and businesses. Among the youngest riots are kids who are looking for a rush. The main argument for riots is that it has something to do with unemployment. Unemployment results in poverty. Many people have tendencies to compare themselves with the community and therefore want the lower class to keep up with the middle and higher class. By use of riots has the lower class seen an opportunity to make money to gain a position in the middleclass. The lower classes are blaming the high class for their criminality, because the poor are unhappy with the balance between themselves and the rich part of their country. The youth unemployment rate is low, which result in that 1 out of 5 are not in work. The university are more expensive than ever, and that is the reasons why some of the young people lose hope for the higher education. The young people are unhappy with their present situation. They are getting more disenfranchised, so they have to be heard. In previous times was it the black people who were victimized, but today it is the young people. The young people make riots, as an excuse to show their dissatisfaction with the society. The motive for the young people to make riots is to be a part of something bigger. Many have seen that the majority of the spotted participants in the riots are between the age of 14 and 18. Most of the people in London, who participate in the riots, are doing it because everybody else is doing it. They persuade each other by means of text message. Many of the riots have occurred as a result of the extreme use of the social media. A new problem is that they also use a Blackberry to spread the word, which involve that the communication is hidden from the police. We have to stop this young people and help them to behave in a better way. If they are old enough to make the crime, they are old enough to face the consequents. There are no correct answers to prevent new riots, but we know the reasons for these riots and the problems in the society. We cannot eliminate the inequality, it is impossible, but we can try to reduce it. We have to keep together and try to save our society. We have to protect the children from the criminality and help the family’s how have problem at home. The parents have to take a responsibility and be role models. The police have to take effect immediately and show that this behaviour will not be tolerated. They have to arrest the people how make riots, so they not keep on with the crime. More than 1200 of the rioters have already been arrested. Due to the modern technology, many of the participants have had their image caught, which means that they will be arrested later. In the future need the police a system, so they can find out what the people are encouraging encourage each other and make plans for illegal actions. The government have reduced the charge for the university so the young people have money enough for going in school and don’t make crime. A man called David Cameron promised that everyone would survive the current situation. He has 4 importing areas of focus: Rewards hard work Get more discipline in schools. A criminal justice system. Take care of the disrupted families. There are multiple reasons for riots, and we have to stop the riots trend. It is not only the parents, schools, police and sociality how should fight for a better country. We have to stick together and all try to stop the riots. If you know someone with problems, then try to bring them to senses. A society with out riots is a better place for all. How to cite Riots: Manuscript and Blog, Papers

Marketing The Services Of Easygroce Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing The Services Of Easygroce. Answer: Service offered: Easygroce offers an online platform where the sellers and buyers will meet each other virtually. The buyers will have opportunity to buy grocery items without visiting their desired stores. These orders will be placed to the desired stores as well as the nearest delivery partners who will pick the orders and deliver them to the customers addresses. For this service the company will be collecting minimal cost in terms of delivery charge which will be shared by the delivery partners. Potential: The company has huge potential to relate monopoly in the market. First of all, it has no competitor present in the market. Online grocery is a unique concept for both the buyers and the sellers therefore they will be taking interest. Moreover, Easygroce have one trademark and patent for delivery which will be helping it to win trust of the customers and other stakeholders. The most important aspect of the service offered by the company is its intention to reduce time and cost. The customers will be attracted by the extremely low price provide by the company. Methods applied for monopoly: The company will create and follow proper strategic planning to operate. For marketing the services will be needing proper planning. The company will create value for the brand through creating conceived link to tangible benefit. It will survey the market and collect information about the current trend and expectation of the consumers thus form a mental context to deliver a new concept. Easygroce will be understanding the organizational expectation through employee satisfaction. Leveraging technologies: The services by Easygroce can only be utilised by the Easygroce App which is completely free as well as customizable. The organization uses best technologies to reach the customers. It has use Appery.io technology for building the Easygroce App. Beside these, the company markets through social media and advertises in it. It offers their loyal customers reward cards through which they can get discounts in their orders. Investment funds: The organization has planned to invest the funding in establishing new customer centres. This will help the company to solve many emerging issues in companys operation. It will surly help the customers to connect the organization and strengthen the customer-company relationship. Easygroce will add new features in the user app so that it becomes smoother to deal both from the customers end and the companys end. This will also incur in investing in the advertising cost in various social media.

Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes Critics Flashcard

Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes Critics

Joe Willis Feeling the Heat of Tailand Essays

Joe Willis Feeling the Heat of Tailand Essays Joe Willis Feeling the Heat of Tailand Essay Joe Willis Feeling the Heat of Tailand Essay The three new comers believe that the rest of the group feels skeptical towards them because they might be fired too. As Willis mentions, coming from the internal audit staff, workers fear him more than trust him. Consequently, this has affected communication between him and the workers who kept essential Information for them. In addition, they think that their Inability to work at the office the four first weeks has delayed the moment when they could start building new relationship with the team. From the perspective of the three executives, these are the reasons for their difficulties to manage efficiently. However. He causes they identify as challenging their ability to build trustful relations come from their own cultural script (Thomas, D. C, 2008). It doesnt take into account cultural values and underlying assumptions behind Tall behavior (Thomas. D. C, 2008). If one would have took a Thai perspective, the root causes might have been different. In fact, this explains the diffic ulties they face and the failure of their attempt to solve the problem. 2- Three Tall cultures dimensions can help us understanding the causes for the lack of trustful relationship; feminine/masculine and diffuseness/specific cultural dimension and vertical collectivism. Based on Hypotheses cultural model, Thailand can be defined as a Feminine culture. It Is less competitive, quality of life Is rewarded and conflict and direct confrontation need to be avoid. This means that when Willis confronted its team by mentioning the poor performance of the operation It was perceived as a direct offense to individuals honor. This first bad impression has been exacerbating when they fired Moot and the daughter in law of Devalued. This decision has been perceive as they were unfaithful to the family. This can be explained by the vertical collectivist (Hypotheses,1 981 ,1998) structure of Thailand culture and its diffuseness (Trampers, 1993). The former implies that hierarchy, social status and family networks are priorities. The hierarchical structure and high power distance can be observed In the authoritative political structure of the country. The importance of loyalty toward a group also explains why relations are connected in a diffuse manner. It shouldnt be a surprise that Devalued had strong ties with the political and legal system as well as engaging Is own family in its business activity. From there, we can make the assumption that in a country where gal structure is weak relationship becomes your economic and social safety net. So, toy 2 when Moot was Dulling Defaults snares at a enlarger price, nee was proudly making sure the network would not dissolve and that Devalued would still provide political and legal security to the company. This imply that Devalued, its family and Moot were still perceived by the team members as a part of the Fiasco Motors family and fired them was to be unfaithful to the group; proportioning honesty over loyalty. When Willis found that his lawyers were affiliated to Devalued, it should have been perceived as a gin that he was open to settle the family conflict. He was in fact showing them his importance for the company stability. Non-verbal is how high context communication society works. But now that the network is broken, the three new comers will have to prove to their employees that they can be loyal to the group, by investing in it, and that they can rebuild a communal network. 3- Willis first task is to rebuild a sense of family network that they lost. A good way to do that will be to meet the main employees families. Therefore, he will show his interest to the welfare of the group. However, considering he needs to prove its loyalty, more need to be done. It seems that the new operating system will be strict on corruption, but if it is to be establishing in an effective manner they will need to make some compromise and to show flexibility. Corruption is perceptional, and some of its form can be beneficial to the welfare of a group (Beckman, 2003). Also, compromise seems to be a better solving conflict strategy considering the feminine aspect of the culture. Consequently, they could adjust by employing family members of the employees. The idea of engaging with religious group wasnt bad, but they should invest more in the immunity to reshape a network bridging civil, political and private sphere. Communication wise, he will need to stop confronting directly his employees, and more importantly the will need to have outside meeting discussion. In a hierarchical organization employees dont show their discontent to their boss, they give their opinion informally. By being aware of non-verbal sign and engaging informal discussion he will be able to identify more of their employees needs, and avoid more mistakes because of misconceptions. Also, because Willis is very young, he might lack credibility. To balance his inherent disadvantage he might want to replace Ramsey, who has been appointed as the general manager, for a Thai older executive.

Russian and Iraqi Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Russian and Iraqi Relations - Essay Example Russia needed cold hard cash and Iran needed replacement arms. Munition sales were estimated at $1 billion in sales and 1992 registering even greater amounts. Russia was experiencing extreme pressure from the US to stop the sales and Russia did, to an extent, delay delivery of munitions. However, Russia stated that they viewed Iran as a friendly neighbour and needed to look after their own interests. Russia publicly agreed that they did not want to sanction any arms build up in the Middle East but the country was sure such was not the case in Iran. Tensions in Moscow began to rise as Iran began to interject itself into Azerbaijan shortly followed by visits to nine other states in the region. Regardless of this Russia signed a major deal to assist in the development of the Iran nuclear program. Relations continued to deteriorate and Russia, at this point, determined that it would honour its open arms contracts with Iran but would not enter into new contracts. However, contention remained between the US and Russia over the Russian involvement in the Iranian Nuclear Program. Moscow continually asserted that they were not supplying missile technology; however, despite Russia's unwillingness to assist with their missile project in July of 1998 Iran successfully test fired their first missile with the assistance of Pakistan, North Korea and China. Tensions of the nuclear program continued to grow and the strain began to be felt more and more on US/Russian relations. Another area of concern in the Mid East for the US was the possible resumption of relations between Iraq and Russia. The sanctions placed against Iraq were closely followed by the economic loss felt by Russia while bowing to western pressure. Russia held over $10 billion dollars of Iraqi debt which Iraq was at current unable to repay. Still Russia was eager to build solid relations in the Mid East region. As the author states Russia's motivation to build relations in the Arab world were to: "ensure Russia's national security; Prevent the spread of political and military fires in the Middle East to the increasingly unstable regions of the Caucasus and Central Asia; and make use of the potential in the Arab states t help solve Russia's economic problems." Russia did make headway in 1993 when it signed an agreement with Kuwait offering military cooperation which later led to $750 million in arms sales followed by UAE sales reported to be near $3 billion. However, arms sales were disappointing to the Russians in the Gulf area and they desperately needed hard cash. In April of 1993 the Russian parliament speaker Ruslan Khasbulatov sent an emissary to Iraq in an attempt to renew the relations the two countries has shared prior to the invasion of Kuwait. In secret meetings Iraq sought Russia's help in getting UN sanctions against the country removed. In exchange for the request to gradually lift the sanctions Iraq was to publicly assert the sovereignty of Kuwait. In the midst of these negotiations Iraq, much to the embarrassment of the Russians, sent its troops to the Kuwait border. However, maintaining their presence the Russian's continued to champion Iraq's cause by offering to oversee compliance by Iraq during the six month lifting of sanctions and again asserted that Iraq was prepared to

Brief of Maple Farms, inc vs City school district of Elmira Case Study

Brief of Maple Farms, inc vs City school district of Elmira - Case Study Example Maple Farms signed a contract with the â€Å"City School District of the City of Elmira† to supply milk at a fixed cost. They settled to supply the milk to â€Å"City School District of the City of Elmira† (defendant) for the year 1973 to 1974. This was in accordance to the agreement on15th June 1973 at a fixed price of 0759 dollars for every half pint. During that time the mandated cost of raw milk was 8.03 dollars per cwt where the United States Department of Agriculture was in control of the milk at the farm. The change in the market was not contemplated by the plaintiff as they had committed to a Fixed Price Contract with the defendant (Miller 19). The farm was aware that the milk price was liable to change, but there was not any clause included to excuse it. Marple Farm was, therefore, found in a hard situation when the milk prices inflated. In the year 1973 there was a tremendous increase in the milk price of 9.5% from the date the contract was signed. The plaintiff, therefore, requested the defendant to relieve them of the contract as they were incurring huge losses but the defendant refused. The farm stated in details that they would incur a loss of $7,350.55 if they continued supplying the same amount of raw milk (Miller 64). Marple farm was sued for Declaratory Judgment that performance was not practical with the agreed price but the court still held them responsible for the sale of the milk to the school. The plaintiff claims further that The Federally Sponsored Milk Lunch, would further decrease the price of the milk hence increasing the losses. The defendant was still not willing to cancel the contract even after the request (Miller 14). The legal basis of the plaintiff to be relieved of the contract is in the doctrine of the Uniform Commercial Code. It considered as "impossibility of performance,"

The relationship between narrator and a couple Essay

The relationship between narrator and a couple - Essay Example The woman turns her whole life to writing numerous letters in which she analyzes her present and past experience. Beside her terrible and irreplaceable loss she has to deal with one more problem – her personal betrayal. On the day of the incident she was with another man called Jasper, a famous journalist. The woman cannot forgive herself this and cannot understand herself as well. It is Jasper and his girlfriend Petra who are described in the novel from rather unexpected perspective. The very situation itself in which the main heroine finds herself is bizarre- she is in the center of love triangle however, love affairs seem not to bother her anymore. So speaking about topics such popular as terrorism Chris Cleave manages to show it witty yet seriously. He reflects on the themes of loss, sin, betrayal, loneliness, atonement, and hope. He tells the story not from his point of view but from the perspective of the principal heroine: he looks with her eyes and speaks with her word s. That is why the language of the novel is far from sophisticated however it is sad and ironical at the same time. So the principal heroine is the narrator herself while the listener (which is really strange and unpredictable) is Osama Ben Laden. Obviously the relationship between the couple of Jasper and Petra and the narrator are very tense, strange and specific. First and the most noteworthy thing is the psychological state of the narrator itself. Her grief is literally felt through the words, her loss squeezes from every little sentence. It is not only that she carries this toy rabbit of her dead son with her wherever she goes, it is her eyes, her irony, and her constant and unstable self- analysis. She tries very hard not to fall apart and the only weapon she has is her natural sense of humor and her simplicity. She feels real from the very beginning of the novel and even Jasper seems to be attracted with her

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty Powerlessness is a cause and effect of poverty because people living in absolute poverty often have no political power and is subjected to exploitation by the state. They lack protection, and report widespread corruption within state education and health care systems. Poor people in many countries speak of being kept waiting endlessly while the rich of the country go to the head of the queue. Situations like these create more problems for that already in absolute poverty, and continue to divide the rich from the poor without providing any help. The problem with a lack of voice and power as a cause of poverty is that it enforces a lack of voice and power as an effect of poverty, creating a continuous cycle that deliberately separates the poor of a country from the rich. The last major cause and effect of poverty is vulnerability. Natural disasters, economic crises, and conflict leave the poor very vulnerable, with nobody to help and a lack of resources to use to help themselves. This idea is best expressed through the story of a poor villager from Benin, in the World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Three years ago was a very bad year. The flood washed away all our crops, and there was a lot of hunger around here, to the point that many people actually died of hunger. They must have been at least a dozen, mostly children and old people. Nobody could help them. Their relatives in the village had no food either; nobody had enough food for his own children, let alone the food for the children of his brother or cousin. And few had a richer relative somewhere else who could help. This is a perfect example of the vulnerability that is both a cause and effect of poverty. The relatively poor can become the poorest through disasters, both eco nomic and natural, and conflict, which causes more vulnerability that affects their ability to escape poverty. Poverty and conflict are often closely linked. In many developing countries there are huge contrasts in access to power and control of resources, leading to a sense of powerlessness within the poor of the country. This unfair distribution of wealth, power and often land creates conflict, as those with the advantage battle the disadvantaged in order to maintain their advantages. In El Salvador, during the 1980s, Oxfam worked to alleviate poverty and suffering intensified by years of armed conflict. The roots of this conflict lay in the unequal distribution of power, wealth and resources. Poverty causes, and is effected by, many different other global issues. A set of international development goals were created by the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, to address inequities in income, education, access to health care and the inequalities between men and women. In 2000 these goals were updated and the United Nations Millennium Declaration committed all countries to doing everything possible to eradicate poverty, promote human dignity and equality, and achieve peace, environmental sustainability, and democracy. At this time approximately 1.2 billion people were living on less than $1 (U.S) a day, with an additional 1.6 billion living on less that $2 (U.S) a day. The goal to reduce poverty was seen as an essential part of the way forward. It is crucial to understand why this is seen as a fundamental step and to do this one should look into some of the arguments aga inst helping the poor that philosophers and political theorists pose. The basic lifeboat ethics argument against helping the poor, argued by Garrett Hardin, states that the world is like a lifeboat. In a lifeboat there is a limit to how many people can be carried, and there is no fair way to choose from among those who need to come aboard. Therefore the only fair alternative is to let everyone who needs to come aboard drown. What Hardin is getting at is that we, the developed world, can not save every person, and therefore how can we fairly choose those that we do save and those that we do not. He argues that it would be much fairer to let everyone in absolute poverty die. Other arguments against helping the poor include Friedrich von Hayeks Game of Catalaxy. Hayeks theory stems from a liberal laissez-faire view of the global economy. He believed that the global market should characterized by a spontaneous order that happens when individuals pursue their own ends within a framework set by law and tradition. Hayek goes on to argue that his Game of Catalaxy is a game of skill and all players within the global market are different and therefore not all can win. The winners, he believed, won because they took certain chances and therefore deserved to win, while the losers deserved to lose. Therefore, according to Hayek, countries that have problems with absolute poverty have played the Game of Catalaxy and lost, and deserve to lose. Theoretically these countries will continue to play the game and if they take certain chances they may eventually win. This theory may work but meanwhile the problem of absolute poverty is affecting the rest of the world and therefore we cannot ignore it, or let the Game of Catalaxy sort it out. As Ambassador Jams head Marker, the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, says, We are all now in the same lifeboat. The continued health of the North [developed, rich countries] depends on the survival and sustainable development of the South [less developed, poorer countries]. Beyond this argument is a belief that food is a basic human right. If hunger is a cause and effect of poverty and food is a basic human right, then theoretically every country should be doing everything within their power to reduce poverty and create a well-nourished world. This argument is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations believes that food is a basic human right. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration is the only human rights declaration with universal in its name, and most countries have agreed on it. It can therefore be argued as a legitimate international agreement on the rights of all human beings. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Therefore, since the declaration is argued to be a legitimate international agreement on the rights of humans, it can be argued that food, along with other basic necessities, are basic human rights. The orthodox approach to development is the view held by many international regimes like the World Bank and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The basic concepts behind it are the ideas that the free-market system can create unlimited economic growth, that the Western liberal model and knowledge are superior to anything else, and the belief that the process of free-markets would benefit everyone. Theoretically economies would slowly take-off because of the free-market and from there on the wealth would work its way down to the people actually living in absolute poverty. To do this there would be a production of surplus, with individuals selling their lab our for money, as opposed to producing to meet their family and community needs. This orthodox method is known as the top-down liberal method and relies on external expert knowledge, technology, an expansion of privatization, and large capital investments. As already stated, the orthodox approach is based almost entirely on a monetary and material concept of poverty. In 2000: A Better World For All, the World Bank, United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that it is possible to cut poverty rates in half by 2015 if countries follow policies that both reduce social and gender inequalities and, most importantly, create income-earning opportunities for the poor. This is the key for, and a perfect example of, the orthodox approach to development. The UNDP Human Development Report 2003 states that there are six basic policies that should be implemented in order to help the countries reduce poverty. Firstly countries should invest early and ambitiously in basic education and health while fostering gender equality. These are preconditions to sustained economic growth. Second, countries should increase the productivity of small farmers in unfavorable environments [environments where hunger and famine are a problem]. Thirdly countries should improve basic infrastructu resto reduce the costs of doing business and overcome geographic barriers. The last three policies involve developing an industrial development policy, working on promoting democracy, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The World Bank concurs with these ideas, as does the World Trade Organization who state that poor people within a country generally gain from trade liberalization. The orthodox approach to development, portrayed by international regimes including the World Trade Organization, World Bank and United Nations involves liberalizing trade and creating empowerment in order to create faster economic growth, which in turn helps to alleviate poverty. This approach is both valid and sound, and has been proven to work in some countries, although not as quickly as the international regimes would like. As this approach is the dominant view, it is seen as more likely to work. However a number of development theorists have discovered problems within this dominant view. The idea that the free market can end hunger, if governments just get out of the way, is seen by some theorists as a myth. These theorists believe that the free-market-is-good/ government-is-bad view is far too simplistic and can never help address poverty and hunger. The top-down approach is seen as unlikely to work in most situations due to corrupt governments who will not let the wealth trickle down to those actually living in poverty. The theory of comparative advantage holds that nations should produce and export those goods and services in which they hold a comparative advantage and import those items that other nations could produce at a lower cost. The problem with this theory, which is also promoted by the World Bank, UN and IMF as a method for alleviating and reducing poverty, is that it falls apart when applied to the real world. Many countries living in absolute poverty can produce large amounts of coffee at a low cost to themselves, however since there are many producing, the price of coffee on the global market is forced downwards and these countries are producing more coffee for less money. These are just two examples of the kind of problems that make the orthodox method for development less viable. The alternative approach to development is argued by many NGOs like World Vision and the World Development Movement. The core concepts of this approach are the ideas that humans should learn to be self-reliant, that nature, cultural diversity and community-controlled commons (water, air, land, and forest) should be valued, and that democratic participation will help to reduce poverty. This approach relies on participation at the community level, working with local knowledge and technology to create a bottom-up approach to community development. It is a grassroots approach, focusing on helping individuals and communities become self-reliant. This approach is often argued by dependency theorists who believe that the structure of the global political economy essentially enslaves the less developed countries by making them dependent on the capitalist, liberal nations. The alternative approach to development is therefore seen by dependency theorists as one of the only ways to develop less developed countries. Much of the anti-globalist campaign is directed at organizations like the World Bank and IMF because their policies encourage less developed countries to become dependent on foreign aid and investment which continues the poverty and hunger within the less developed countries. Although the alternative approach to development also seems sound and viable, it lacks monetary value and places too much emphasis on the power of communities to change governments. Neither approach is perfect in its methods for the alleviation and reduction of poverty. I believe it is a combination of the orthodox and alternative approaches that really has the ability to help reduce poverty in todays world. The orthodox approach focuses too narrowly on money and capital, while the alternative approach believe too heavily in the power of communities to affect change at a national level. I therefore believe that international regimes, like the World Bank and United Nations, should attempt to affect changes at the state level, working to create democratic governments. Non-Governmental Organizations should continue to work at the grass roots level, affecting changes for the individuals and communities while helping them to become self-reliant. This approach is not without problems and cannot be called easy, but I believe it deals with both the individuals and the state at the levels needed and could help to halve the number of people living in poverty by 2015. Ther e are no perfect answers for development. Poverty is a complex issue. The key is that we do not ignore those living in poverty but help, in whatever way we believe is best. We are obliged to try our hardest to make circumstances better for them. http://www.vuwcu.orconhosting.net.nz/warp/poverty.htm

Stories of Success in Salome Thomas-ELs Book, I Choose to Stay Essay

The book I Choose to Stay was written by Mr. Salome Thomas-EL. In it were short stories of success, which were his success stories, and the stories of the children, that he have touched and inspired. Mr. EL is an educator; therefore, he wrote this book for its readers to know and eventually learn from his experiences as a student, a teacher, and a human being. Every human being has his own unique genetic talents and abilities. One of these abilities is intelligence. Intelligence is the ability of a person to learn and understand. In the beginning of life, every human being was born with different levels of intelligence, but the level of intelligence that we acquire from birth doesn’t entirely affect what we become or if we succeed or fail in life. This has been what Mr. EL instilled in his book. However, one student who have read the book thought, that the message of the book was that smart people succeed, while not-so-smart people fail. In my opinion, the students’ att itude about the book is wrong, because our genetics doesn’t determine our level of success. We succeed by being hard working and determined, by having sufficient time, and by having a set of people that would guide and support us as we grow. Skills and abilities are nothing compared to hard work and determination, and a positive attitude. It has been said that if you want to achieve something; you have to do your best to get it. You can’t just sit around and wait for it to come. You have to work and live your life, for you to achieve it. Salome once told his students, â€Å"If your mind can conceive and your heart can believe, you can achieve.† In addition to these words, he said â€Å"There is only one person capable of preventing you from reaching your goals, that person... ... if not because of the guidance and support of his teachers and especially his mother.† The same thing applies to his students. His students became successful, because Mr. Salome Thomas-EL was a great teacher; he cared, enlightened and guided his students to the right path. All of us have God-given abilities. And this â€Å"gift† needs to be opened, cherished and nurtured for it to be of great help in our journey of life. To succeed in life, the first thing we need to have is determination. Once we have the determination, what we need to do next is to manage and treasure the time that has been given to us. And after we have achieved those, the third thing that we need to have is a firm and strong support system. When we have all these three things with us, it would be much easier for us to succeed. What we need to succeed are merely sugar, spice and everything nice.

Case analysis: music juice

Rocky LU and John Wong, two friends who wanted to build a new Internet venture together, found an interesting concept in Amsterdam that they wanted to import in North America: it was a platform based on scrounging where fans could help their favorite musicians by raising money for them. The two entrepreneurs imported the core business model of the company Jellybean. Com and added a few features to differentiate themselves from the existing competitors.However, once the company was created, several problems occurred: – A new competitor, Clothespin. Net, was launched one month after Injustice, backed by a large campaign. – There were additional costs and delays on the implementation of the website. – Rocky was lacking coding skills and John didn't have any management skills. This resulted in the deterioration of the relationship between the two friends. – Two of the four revenue streams were inefficient, which lead to an insufficiency of venue. Most of the p eople had the opinion that the website presented no interests In conclusion, the fundamental problems were the lack of experience and skills from the two founders, the lack of interest from the website and the insufficient revenues. Given this situation, Musicale had several options to improve its value proposition. For example, it could improve its marketing campaign or offer more possibilities for users on Its website, like voting for his favorite artist or raise money or movies or books.These solutions would help the website to have more users, which is the fundamental element of the concept of scrounging. For my part, I think that they could take advantage from the help of an outsider. For example, they could contact venture capitalist or business angels. With their experience and knowledge, they would give great advices to the two young entrepreneurs. Moreover, It Is an opportunity for Rocky and John to obtain financing for their startups.

How to reduce the green house effect. essays

How to reduce the green house effect. essays What is the greenhouse effect? First there is speculation on whether there is such an event as the greenhouse effect. Some scientists say that there is, while some scientists say that it is just the cycle of the Earth as far as the weather. The greenhouse effect is what we call the result of harmful levels of gases in the atmosphere that dont allow all the heat to escape the atmosphere. The results of this can be higher temperatures, changing sea levels and changes to the weather patterns. The most harmful gas that is being released is called chlorofluorocarbon. This gas is the highest level of gas with the harmful effect of not letting the proper amount of heat to escape the atmosphere. This is also the gas that affects the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the layer in the atmosphere that protects us from harmful radiation from the sun. We also have to watch the levels of methane and carbon dioxide. All or any of these gases in high levels can cause more of the heat to be trapped in the atmosphere. What can be done to slow or stop this effect? The best thing that can be done to stop this effect is to slow the release of these harmful gases into the atmosphere. How do we do this? The first way is to stop using fossil fuels. Fossil fuels being oil, gas or coal. How do we do this? First we need to slow down our use of fossil fuels. There is research into this, but far too slowly for most people. We are finally starting to see hybrid vehicles. These are vehicles that use both electricity and gasoline. This allows for higher mileage with smaller amounts of gasoline. There is a lot of speculation on this type of technology. Some people believe that this technology is coming too slowly. People believe that oil tycoons and gasoline manufacturers are purposely slowing the research, so that they can continue to make money. I believe this myself to a point. Research does take time as well as manufacturing of the vehic ...

What You Need to Know to Succeed in the Retail Industry

What You Need to Know to Succeed in the Retail Industry Retail can be an excellent job for anyone- especially college-aged or retired people who need or want the flexibility and human interaction. It used to be fairly easy to just show up and get hired. Nowadays, it’s becoming a competitive field in its own right. Here are a few things to know to succeed in landing yourself a retail career.1. Performance MattersYou’re not simply there to help customers when they need it. You’re also there to perform well across a variety of metrics. Make sure you know what these are for your job and that you are meeting them. Otherwise, you will be let go.2. Customers are the Reason You Have a JobEveryone you speak to is your customer. And you should treat them with respect- each one is precious to your company, which can’t afford to lose any customers at all. If you get a totally unreasonable person, get management involved instead of getting snippy.3. Don’t ComplainNeither customers nor bosses (nor coworkers, for that matter) appreciate a Negative Nelly. Don’t gossip, don’t complain, don’t gripe about your hours. And never bad-mouth your company in anybody’s earshot. Be a positive force and get respect.4. Be FlexibleBeing a team player is important. Be willing to help your teammates get their work done, and to swap shifts with a desperate coworker in occasion.5. Respect the RulesTry not to cut corners. Respect your company’s policies. Don’t try to make new rules for yourself. Stick to what you’re told and be trusted to follow it to the letter.6. Take InitiativeSelf-motivation is important, as is the ability to take delegated tasks and do them without issue, promptly, and well. If you go above and beyond, as a rule, everyone will notice. And you’ll likely get ahead.7. Be ProfessionalRetail may seem like a more casual industry than others, but professionalism is no less important. Follow standard business etiquette at all times. Be courteous a nd polite and make a good first impression at every turn.8. Keep in Mind: There is a FutureRetail may just seem like a stop-gap job, but there are ample opportunities for growth if you keep your eyes open and continue striving.9. The Hours Can be ToughKeep in mind you’ll be working a lot of evenings and weekends. These are very busy times for most retailers and you’ll likely have to work some of these times. Some work environments will be slow, others will be rapid-paced and rapid-fire. Make sure you know which you’re most suited for before accepting any jobs.10. Confidence is KeyYou might not realize how important it is to engage with every customer, but it is crucial. Patience, empathy, respect, and positivity are also important. Greet every customer afresh, with a smile and a willingness to help, and you’ll do fine.

The Battle of Blair Mountain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Battle of Blair Mountain - Research Paper Example Most importantly, the company provided houses from which the family could be forcibly evicted in the event of a miner joining unions, being killed or injured. Union activity was monitored by Baldwin-Felts detectives and other coal company agents4. The Mine Wars began in 1912, with the Paint Creek – Cabin Creek strike, demanding company recognition of the UMWA. Further attempts at unionization led to a spate of violence and armed conflict between the miners on one side and state police, mine guards and strikebreakers on the other. The next flashpoint was the Battle of the Tug in Mingo County in May 1920. This exacerbated into a gunfight on May 19 in Matewan between Baldwin-Felts agents on an eviction drive and the town officials led by the mayor and Police Chief Sid Hatfield. The mayor, three townspeople and six detectives were killed. Unionization and company opposition grew increasingly violent, with both sides building up arsenals and engaging in guerilla-like warfare. In re taliation for Matewan, the agency killed Sid Hatfield and his deputy on 1 August, 1920. Hatfield’s murder galvanized the miners and was the direct spark for the Battle of Blair Mountain5. The outraged miners began to gather near Charleston on 7 August. Bill Blizzard, Frank Keeney and Fred Mooney of the District 17 UMWA organized about 600 armed miners for a march though three counties, in order to demonstrate the solidarity of the mine workers and to drive out the company gunmen who continued to harass them. Keeney recruited additional miners over the following two weeks for a 65-mile march to Logan County, the coal company stronghold. At the same time, the Logan Coal Operators’ Association paid Logan County Sheriff Don... This research paper discusses the events of the Battle of Blair Mountain, which was the largest labor insurrection in American history. An understanding of this incident, which is widely acknowledged to be â€Å"the most brutal confrontation in the history of the American labor movement †, requires the study of the background of the coal mining industry in America. The burgeoning iron, steel and railroad industries required coal for their development and coal mining was central to America’s industrial growth. The coal mining industry was highly labor intensive, had hazardous work conditions and yielded relatively low returns on investment. In the race to increase production and profitability, coal companies disregarded safety concerns, resulting in frequent fatal accidents in mines. Growing activism saw the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) gain a footing in the mines of Pennsylvania and other states by the end of the nineteenth century. The early twentieth century witnessed the attempts of the coal miners of southern West Virginia to unionize in the face of violent opposition. This resulted in The Mine Wars (1912-1922), which culminated in the Battle of Blair Mountain in 1921. The causes of the battle, the confrontation and the aftermath demonstrate that Blair Mountain is a milestone in the American labor movement. Blair Mountain is a symbol of â€Å"freedom of speech and assembly, freedom from the industrial feudalism of company towns, and freedom from the terrorism inflicted by the operators hired gunmen †.

Explicit and Implicit Costs on Firms in an Efficient Informational Essay

Explicit and Implicit Costs on Firms in an Efficient Informational Environment - Essay Example Implicit costs are costs that are not directly paid for but measured in units of money. These costs are the costs of non purchased inputs which are not purchased in a market transaction but they have cash value. Implicit costs occur when a firm uses its capital, inventories or owner's resources. Goodwill is also a good example of implicit cost. The term of efficiency assumes an informational dimension here, which refers to productive efficiency that it high lights the development of informationally efficient finncial markets.In fact, these markets not only consist of the usual attributes of financial market- notably a large number of investors who have a interst of effective access in to the rich necessary information, but also the important additional assets that have ending points of well defined certain value. It is the most important question faced by economists todays to what extent firms incorporate their environmental information for achieving market efficiency. In this era of Information Technology, information is the key factor to evaluate a firm's stock price as well as its ultimate value.Investors, customers and all other stakeholders need all necessary information to take proper decision regarding investment, trading etc.So a firm should decide to disclose proper information to reach its ultimate goal. Part 02: Measuring a Firm's costs and its goal of Profit Maximization Measuring A Firm's Costs (Opportunity Costs): Economists consider the opportunity costs of all resources of a firm to calculate its costs whether they are paid or not. Opportunity cost is of any action is the highest valued alternative foregone. Opportunity cost of a firm is the value of the firm's best alternative use of resources. Opportunity costs includes both explicit and implicit costs, and it is known as economic cost which is our concern. So economic cost indicates to the value of all resources used to produce a good or service, whether the resources are paid or unpaid. Economic cost = Opportunity Cost= Explicit cost + Implicit Cost = Total cost of a Firm. We have discussed in the introductory part about explicit and implicit costs. Explicit cost is directly paid in money whereas implicit cost is the value of resources used even when no direct monetary payments are made to these resources. Implicit cost is incurred when a firm gives up an alternative action. For example, when a firm uses its own capital, and/or uses its' owner's resources, implicit costs are incurred. So there are two main aspects of a firm's implicit cost: i)The cost of a firm's own capital: If a firm

One Work of Art from Michelangelo Buonarroti and One work of Art from Assignment

One Work of Art from Michelangelo Buonarroti and One work of Art from Leonardo da Vinci - Assignment Example Through the art we are able to see how they have dressed and also in the picture we see one person at the center representing the religious leaders also being involved (Meyer, 2011). It’s seen as the last judgment presented to people on the account of their evil deeds in church. In the Mona Lisa art Leonardo tried to put across the beauty by her curves on her long hair with the color on her face being toned bringing out her beauty. Her hands joined together showed her being calm or relaxed. The clothing can be seen as an ideal woman from her decency showing how mature she is. Her skin color is evenly distributed through da Vinci’s painting. Buonarroti picture symbolizes the kind of activities in the society. The nude picture represents the church followers back scenes which are not in line with Christianity. Michelangelo was a religious person and through his artistic talent he portrayed human anatomy and movements in most of his arts. He was able to blend the colors well the blue shade and the brown shade. The blue showing the sky and the white clouds with people around with actions like asking for a favor from someone (Meyer, 2011). Leonardo da Vinci used blurred and dark outlines contrast of light and dark bringing an ambiguous effect. It has been able to convey an ideal woman as she is conservative and the looks on her face cannot be really told as blank expression as you cannot really determine if she’s smiling or not. Leonardo da Vinci used the technique in framing, use of lighting and composition (Perry, 2009).He used observations and understanding in coming up with his art. Mona Lisa’s eyebrows and eyelashes are visible portraying her beauty. Through glazing technique to show realism achieved through variation in color and shading. He tried to portray her inner beauty by using the dull colors portraying calmness (Perry, 2009). He also used the oil layering on wooden palette. The brush strokes can be seen as

Lennie is mourning the death of his puppy Essay Example for Free

Lennie is mourning the death of his puppy Essay At the beginning of the extract, Lennie is mourning the death of his puppy by his own hand when Curleys wife enters the barn and attempts to comfort him and she allows Lennie to stroke her hair. When Lennies big fingers fell to stroking her hair we see that something is going to happen as the mood changes and the tension is heightened. We have an inclination to what is about to happen as we have seen the inevitability of the scenario with Lennies strength and Curleys wifes desire for affection and attention. When Curleys wife tells Lennie not to muss it up, Lennie strokes harder, as he is overcome with the pleasure of the experience, this shows that Lennie doesnt listen to anyone except from George, thus reinforcing what we already know. Curleys wife says you stop it now and jerks her head sideways and Lennie then panics and automatically his fingers close on her hair and hung on, this is because it is the only thing he can think to do, this emphasises his child-like mentality as his reaction is physical as opposed to psychological. Lennie was in a panic and his face was contorted, these two short simple sentences portray the innocence and naivety of Lennies actions as well as reflecting the way Lennies mind works, short and simple. He begs Curleys wife to stop screaming because Georgell be mad and aint gonna let him tend no rabbits showing that he has a one-track mind, much like a child. Lennie then gets angry and tells Curleys wife I dont want you to yell, this again shows his child-like mindset and his anger leads him to shake her. So hes shaking her, not in an aggressive manner, but to protect his part in the dream, her body flopped like a fish and she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck. At this point we see Lennie, not just kill Curleys wife, but kill the dream too. Lennie does not realise he has killed her as he continues to speak to her, he lifts her arm and lets it drop and is, for a moment, bewildered. His mind cant capacitate why she is not responding, all he thinks he did was shake her, showing just how unaware he is of his own strength. Animal imagery is used to describe how Lennie pawed up the hay until it party covered her, this connotes Lennies clumsiness and density. In the concluding paragraph of the extract we see Lennie become conscious of the outside for the first time, he recalls what George told him to do if he gets into trouble and goes to hide in the brush, taking the dead puppy with him to throw it away because its bad enough like it is. Here we see Lennie make a decision himself, be it the right one or not, he seems to have matured slightly because of the situation at hand and this event could be something that changes Lennies childish behaviour. Throughout the death of Curleys wife, we still feel more sympathy for Lennie, because he is so unaware of the danger his actions can cause and he is still a naive and innocent character, despite the unintentional harm he has brought to many things. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Relationship Between Humans And Colour In Architectural Spaces

Relationship Between Humans And Colour In Architectural Spaces Colour can clarify and define space, form and structure, yet in many architectural practices is often considered only at the final stages of the design process. This tendency to subordinate colour reflects an attitude held by many design professionals since the Renaissance. The premise that colour is secondary to form, the disegno colore theory, was established by Aristotle in his Poetics during the Renaissance. Further reinforcing this belief, the architect Le Corbusier influenced the role of colour in architectural design still upheld by many today. He considered whiteness to convey order, purity, truth and architecture. His views were further supported by contemporaries such as Adolf Loos who considered white to be the colour of heaven, while Theo van Doesburg believed it the spiritual colour of the period (Minah 2008). White became the epitome of modern architecture. While Le Corbusier latterly modified his attitude toward the relationship of colour in architecture, the colour rules established in his work Purism, co-written with Amà ©dà ©Ãƒ © Ozenfant, were never as influential as his earlier beliefs (Batchelor 2000). The following paper examines the importance of colour within architectural space and its ability to influence mental well-being through its sensory and physiological properties. Experiencing Colour What is fundamental in understanding the use of colour and light in interior space? Why do some spaces bring joy, while other do not? Many would judge it simply a matter of taste, while others an expression of artistic skill, use of precise colour theory or scientific research. It is a complex combination of many factors, both human and scientific. Colour is perceived by the eye through different wavelengths of light carried to us by our surroundings and interpreted by the brain (Nassau 1998). Without light there would be no colour. Light reflects off surfaces, triggering an electromagnetic response in the eye, which in turn translates into colour within the brain (Miller 1997). Our perception of colour is dictated by its hue (actual colour), its intensity or depth of tone (saturation) and its brightness, creating shade and shadow (Miller 1997). An academic interest in the psychological meaning of colour has been prevalent for centuries. Philosophers from ancient Greece dating back to Aristotles time, artists post da Vinci, the early 19th century poet Goethe and subsequent latter day psychologists, anthropologists, biologists, etc, have theorised and investigated the complexity of human response to, and use of colour (Birren 1978; Sharpe 1980). Shown in Table 1. are the six categories believed by Graham, to be key to the human responses to colour within the built environment (Pierman 1978). The scope of the subject is so huge that for the purpose of this paper my main focus will be physiological, mood and associative response to colour and its implications on our experience of interior space. Biological Reactions of a Colour Stimulus There is a reoccurring theme in published literature on human response to colour, namely, the association of hues at the long or warm end of the visible spectrum (red, orange and pink) with arousal and excitation, and those at the short or cool end (green, blue violet) with calmness and relaxation (Goldstein 1942; Gerard 1958; Wilson 1966; Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974) which crosses multi-cultural boundaries (Oyama, Tanaka et al. 1962; Adams and Osgood 1973). Although not all results have shown identical outcomes in respect of systolic blood pressure, skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, eye-blink frequency and electrical brain activity, the emotional responses have been similar. Further studies have used word associations with colour, such as blue being associated with tender, soothing, secure and comfortable and orange with disturbing, distressed, upset (Wexner 1954). A more recent study attempted to replicate the findings of Gerrard, with a focus on the effect on cardiovascular function (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993). Whilst the effect on the heart could not be replicated the individuals mental expectations of the consequence of the colours was in accord with previous literature. Jacobs and Seuss similarly found the effects of 4 primary colours projected onto a large screen produced high anxiety levels for red and yellow, consistent with earlier studies (Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974) Schauss claimed that pink colours acted as a natural tranquilizer and had successfully subdued prison inmates (Schauss 1979), but this has not been substantiated in further studies (Pellegrini, Schauss et al. 1981). The earlier findings may have been more to do with the Hawthorne effect, particularly as such a result would contradict the prevalent red/blue spectrum theory. Whilst all of the above research with its consequent design implications was carried out using coloured light, slides, patches, or words, KÃ…Â ±ller et al experimented using full scale decorated rooms. Those decorated with colours from the long visible spectrum created greater arousal than those from the short spectrum. Additionally, introverts or those in a negative mood became more affected than others, impacting their performance (KÃ…Â ±ller, Mikellides et al. 2009). Similarly, Kwallek found that an individuals ability to screen colours for irrelevant stimuli had an impact on the effect of colour. High screeners were more productive in a red working environment, while low screeners performed better in a blue-green office (Kwallek, Soon et al. 2006) (Kwallek, Soon et al. 2007) (Kwallek, Woodson et al. 1997). In addition, Kwallek et al found saturation of colour was a significant predictor of differences in mood between males and females. Ainsworth contrarily found no difference in performance between red and blue offices (Ainsworth, Simpson et al. 1993). However, In a study of almost 1000 workspaces in four countries, interior colour was recognised as an important influencing element of mood and performance (KÃ…Â ±ller, Ballal et al. 2006). A key article by Kaiser reviews the varied literature on non-visual physiological responses by humans to colour, (Kaiser 1984a), concluding that there are reliable physiological responses to colour recorded, but that some of the results may have been effected by cognitive response to colour (Kaiser 1984a). The preceding review shows that, despite considerable interest and research, studies have yet to provide a thorough and empirically proven set of rules for the relationship between colour and emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994). Cognitive Response to Colour The way we respond to colour can also be a result of conscious symbolism or associated actions. Yglesias et al showed that we have expectations in respect of our response to certain colours (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993), regardless of involuntary physiological responses. These may be learned through culture or tradition, memory, preferences or fashion. Colour associated with actions can be seen in the red, amber and green of traffic lights conveying stop, yield and go, respectively. When these colours are used in isolation from their connection with traffic, they can still influence their association (Hutchings 2004). Red is commonly used to signify danger, or to command attention and is the most pervasive colour signal in nature (Humphrey 1976). It can, however, have a somewhat ambiguous meaning as it is the colour of edible berries, signifies love, lust, anger and blood; a combination of both positive and negative symbolism. Culture and tradition can connect specific emotions with certain colours. Typically, white is worn by Western brides for its connection with purity, whereas in India the preferred colour is red (Hutchings 2004) and in other countries black, which is in stark contrast to its commonly accepted association with mourning (Kaya and Crosby 2006). White continues its connection with purity through its use in kitchens and bathrooms, translating into cleanliness and hygiene. It can also be seen in its association with hospitals and specifically the doctors coat, further reinforcing its sterile status (Blumhagen 1979). In China white is associated with righteousness. Black is associated with dullness and stupidity in Indian culture, while red implies ambition and desire (Kreitler and Kreitler 1972). Colours can also be steeped with religious meaning through association. For instance, green is the sacred colour of Islam (Kaya and Crosby 2006), and was also considered sacred by the Celts up until the Christian church introduced white (Singh 2006). In addition to white, purple is the symbolic colour used in Christian churches throughout Lent for drapes and altar frontals, while orange is considered the most sacred colour in Hindu religion. Red and white is a combination used for ritual decorations in Melanesia and for representing the Sacred Heart of the Catholic Church in Mexico (Singh 2006). Colours with religious connotations and subsequent emotional connection can have a profound effect on an interior if inappropriately used and could cause offence, or negative feelings. Colour associations also appear to rely on an individuals previous knowledge and experience, combined with personal emotional connections. Kaya and Crosby found colour schemes were remembered in alliance with known interiors, such as restaurants, schools or their homes and, subsequently deemed appropriate colours for specific building types or rooms. For example, some related the colour blue with feelings of relaxation, calmness, comfort and peace, with an associated link to hotels and residences (Kaya and Crosby 2006). Red, a colour frequently aligned with stimulation and arousal, was often coupled with places of entertainment, such as restaurants (Kaya and Crosby 2006). Conclusion A complex collection of factors combine to dictate an individuals perception of colour within the built environment. Despite decades of research into our physiological response to colour and its implications, scientific results have been contradictory and sometimes inconclusive, albeit with a general consensus on reaction to colours within the short and long visible spectrum. For example, as highlighted earlier, red wavelengths can influence biological rhythms, with green wavelengths being weaker. These results are a direct physiological response. A human does not have to have any knowledge of the colour red for a biological response. However the result may be compounded by an indirect physiological response to the colour based on cognition. For instance, an individual may have a strong mental association of red with blood, violence, fire or hatred. We all have our own personal knowledge of colour, based around culture, tradition and memory, which serve to guide our choice and experi ence of colour and light. In addition, response to colour can also be influenced by our immediate environment, such as whether we are alone or in a group, or how we are feeling at the time and its effect on our ability to screen colours. A person in a depressed mental state may not respond in the same way as someone in a more positive mood. Colour is a powerful force which can be used in different way to motivate and stimulate, to control our actions, to create an environment of joy or misery. In making colour choices for interior space, it is crucial to understand the nature and culture of the users, in conjunction with scientific research. It is important to discern whether the chosen colour has a direct physiological impact on a particular biological function, or if the colour effect depends on cognitive learning or emotional associations. Selection should also consider the implications of hue and saturation of colour, which play a strong part in eliciting positive feelings and a sense of well-being when appropriately chosen. Interiors should not be devised purely for reasons of fashion or aesthetics, if the aim is to elicit a positive emotional response from the user; a more considered approach should be undertaken. 1876

Biome Broadcast :: essays research papers

Biome Broadcast   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LANCASTER / PENNSYLVANIA This morning Darian, Danny, Laura, and I were bored so we decided that we would all go on a hike at Blue Ridge Mountain. All of us went home, got our hiking equipment, and packed a lunch. We then met at my house. I drove all of us up to Blue Ridge Mountain. We got there in a half hour it was around 10:30 AM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was probably one of the most beautiful days we had all year, it was around seventy to seventy five degrees and there was barely any humidity. Even though we have all four seasons and varied amounts of precipitation throughout the year it felt like it was either a scorching humid summer day or it was a freezing snowy winter day. It felt like we only had two seasons all year either summer or winter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we stepped out of the car we could see and hear birds singing. We could also smell, hear, and see the beautiful trees swaying in the gentle breeze. Pictures of a robin and a cardinal that we saw while stepping out of the car. We all got our gear out of the car and walked over to the trails. We had to decide what trail to take. We had three choices the first trail was half a mile long, the second trail was two miles long, and the third trail was four miles long. Since it was such a beautiful day we all decided to take the third trail that was four miles long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We started hiking around 11:00 AM. While we were hiking we heard wings flapping, we all turned and saw a robin fly towards the ground, pick up a worm, and feed it to her babies. Everyone thought that it was cute. After, we watched the robin for a while we continued hiking until 12:30 PM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone was hungry so we decided to find a spot to eat our lunches. We found a perfect spot, it had a great view, a patch of beautiful dandelions, and a big beautiful maple tree to sit under. A picture of the great view we had during lunch. A picture of one of the many dandelions that were in the patch that we were sitting next to during lunch. A picture of the maple tree we sat under while eating lunch. We all sat down on the big blanket that we had brought along and ate our lunches. Laura went over and picked a dandelion and smelled it. We talked for a while and admired how big and beautiful the Blue Ridge Mountain was.

Transformational Change

At each moment of every day, someone, of eminent importance or the subordinate drifting around the park is embarking on a transformational change of some specific nature. What does that suggest to us? It indicates that at some point in our life we will experience this transformation as well. A transformational change is a modification to your life, as you know it; the learning cycle begins by recognizing that there is a substantial problem with your life in its current state. Once this breakthrough has been exposed, you must establish a way to suppress the predicament in order to resolve it. From this point on it may be a brief or time-consuming journey to your new life; but the expedition can be excruciating nevertheless. â€Å"Transformation, though desirable, rarely comes easily. † (Alexander, M. Clugston, W, & Tice, E. , 2009, Ch 5, p7) One conclusion that you can count on is that the ordeal that you have been through was meaningful and advantageous to your growth and development. Personally, I have been through a significant amount of transformational learning experiences. A select few come to mind, such as: graduating high school and beginning college for the first time, getting married, having a child, getting a divorce, going to real estate and tax school, and the death of my grandmother. Each of these circumstances have taken a toll on me; but when it came to selecting the transformational change that I am presently engaged, I believe that my decision recedes back into position in my renewal experiential cycle. I have ineffectively accomplished my original educational goals; so instead of establishing a new target, I will be â€Å"embracing the opportunity† to attempt once more. I am certain that ninety percent of our class, at the slightest, is going through the same transition as I am; working tediously to get a college degree taking into account a cumbersome work schedule and a family. Those were the strongest decisive factors this time around. At this point in my life I sense it is now or never; I faithfully believe that God has a plan for all of us, and it is now my time to thrive. When change is openly engaged, growth inevitably results—allowing boundaries to be broken and a new sense of freedom to be experienced. † (Alexander, M. Clugston, W, & Tice, E. , 2009, Ch 5, p3) According to Jack Mezirow’s research, identifying the seven phases occurring in the learning process, I have fulfilled up to this moment the first six phases: * â€Å"Experiencing a disorienting dilemma† I have faced the reality that it is time to buy my own home to raise my daughter in, despite the issue that I will not be getting married. In order to do this I must be financially secure with a career and a college degree on the wall. * â€Å"Self-Examination† Am I ready? Can I handle the stress? Is it worth the trouble? Will I have the time? Am I going to have to give up something in order to accomplish my goals? Will my financial aid and all of my credits transfer I have already received? Yes to all, and it will be worth it as the result. * â€Å"Critical assessment of assumptions† Will there actually be a job or an innovative career opportunity available to me when I essentially receive my college degree? I assume there will be, but all I can do is complete school through graduation and explore then. * â€Å"Recognizing that others have gone through a similar process† My mother is my hero. She went back to school in her early thirty’s, the same age I am now, and she has three degrees on the wall. She actually started her doctorate degree, but decided to wait until the school relocated near us in a year and a half in order for her to go to classes on campus rather than online. Therefore, when she does get the doctorate she will have four college degrees and be a doctor. I cannot help but admire her. * â€Å"Exploring a process† Going to college online at Ashford University until I complete my Bachelor’s Degree is my plan. Then from there you cannot speculate what may happen. I may continue school until I am fifty years old. I genuinely love learning and education universally. * â€Å"Formulating a plan of action† This time in school I am majoring in a degree that will actually benefit me obtaining employment immediately when graduating. In addition, I have approximately twenty years experience in all aspects of business and management. My previous degree program at the last school I attended was Interior Design. I am highly interested, but the market is obsolete, just as Real Estate in which I hold a license. * â€Å"Reintegration† I am not certain that I have accomplished this phase at the present time. (Alexander, M. Clugston, W, & Tice, E. , 2009, Ch 5, p7) For me personally, the reintegration phase can be experiential in two different aspects; attending school and being acclimated by the end of my first class, which is undoubtedly fulfilled. On the other hand, it could indicate graduating and facing the world as a newfound pristine college graduate. If the later is the case, then I have ample time to set new short-term goals for my next class, and continue adhering to them until my ultimate goal of graduating categorically occurs. I have had numerous blessings in my lifetime; however, the day that I graduate from college will be the second most ecstatic day of my life, second to childbirth.

The Definition of Form in Art

The Definition of Form in Art The term form can mean several different things in art. Form is one of the seven elements of art and connotes a three-dimensional object in space. A  formal analysis of a work of art describes how the elements and principles of artwork together independent of their meaning and the feelings or thoughts they may evoke in the viewer. Finally,  form is also used to describe the physical nature of the artwork, as in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.​ When used in tandem with the word art as in art form, it can also mean a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art or an unconventional medium done so well, adroitly, or creatively as to elevate it to the level of fine art. An Element of Art Form is one of the seven elements of art  which are the visual tools that an artist uses to compose a work of art. In addition, to form, they include line, shape, value, color, texture, and space.  As an Element of Art, form connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height, versus shape, which is two-dimensional, or flat. A form is a shape in three dimensions, and, like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named, as in the basic geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder.  A circle becomes a sphere in three dimensions, a square becomes a cube, a triangle becomes a pyramid or cone. Geometric forms are most often found in architecture and the built environment, although you can also find them in the spheres of planets and bubbles, and in the crystalline pattern of snowflakes, for example. Organic forms are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical or easily measurable or named. They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc., but can also be found in the bold and fanciful buildings of the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (1852 to 1926) as well as in many sculptures. Form in Sculpture Form is most closely tied to sculpture, since it is a three-dimensional art and has traditionally consisted almost primarily of form, with color and texture being subordinate. Three-dimensional forms can be seen from more than one side. Traditionally forms could be viewed from all sides, called sculpture in-the-round, or in relief, those in which the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background, including bas-relief, haut-relief, and sunken-relief. Historically sculptures were made in the likeness of someone, to honor a hero or god. The twentieth century broadened the meaning of sculpture, though, heralding the concept of open and closed forms, and the meaning continues to expand today. Sculptures are no longer only representational, static, stationery, forms with a solid opaque mass that has been carved out of stone or modeled out of bronze. Sculpture today may be abstract, assembled from different objects, kinetic, change with time, or made out of unconventional materials like light or holograms, as in the work of renowned artist James Turrell. Sculptures may be characterized in relative terms as closed or open forms. A closed-form has a similar feeling to the traditional form of a solid opaque mass. Even if spaces exist within the form, they are contained and confined. A closed-form has an inward-directed focus on the form, itself, isolated from ambient space. An open form is transparent, revealing its structure, and therefore has a more fluid and dynamic relationship with the ambient space.  Negative space is a major component and activating force of an open form sculpture. Pablo Picasso (1881 to 1973), Alexander Calder (1898 to 1976), and Julio Gonzalez (1876 to 1942) are some artists who created open form sculptures, made from wire and other materials. Henry Moore (1898 to 1986), the great English artist who, along with his contemporary, Barbara Hepworth (1903 to 1975), were the two most important British sculptors in modern art, both revolutionized sculpture by being the first to pierce the form of their biomorphic (biolife, morphicform) sculptures. She did so in 1931, and he did in 1932, noting that â€Å"even space can have form† and that â€Å"a hole can have as much shape meaning as a solid mass.†Ã‚   Form in Drawing and Painting In drawing and painting, the illusion of three-dimensional form is conveyed through the use of lighting and shadows, and the rendering of value and tone. Shape is defined by the outer contour of an object, which is how we first perceive it and begin to make sense of it, but light, value, and shadow help to give an object form and context in space so that we can fully identify it. For example, assuming a single light source on a sphere, the highlight is where the light source hits directly; the mid-tone is the middle value on the sphere where the light does not hit directly; the core shadow is the area on the sphere that the light does not hit at all and is the darkest part of the sphere; the cast shadow is the area on surrounding surfaces that is blocked from the light by the object; reflected highlight is light that is reflected back up onto the object from the surrounding objects and surfaces. With these guidelines as to light and shading in mind, any simple shape can be drawn or painted to create the illusion of a three-dimensional form. The greater the contrast in value, the more pronounced the three-dimensional form becomes. Forms that are rendered with little variation in value appear flatter than those that are rendered with greater variation and contrast. Historically, painting has progressed from a flat representation of form and space to a three-dimensional representation of form and space, to abstraction. Egyptian painting was flat, with the human form presented frontally but with the head and feet in profile. The realistic illusion of form did not occur until the Renaissance along with the discovery of perspective. Baroque artists such as Caravaggio (1571 to 1610), explored the nature of space, light, and the three-dimensional experience of space further through the use of chiaroscuro, the strong contrast between light and dark. The portrayal of the human form became much more dynamic, with chiaroscuro and foreshortening giving the forms a sense of solidity and weight and creating a powerful sense of drama. Modernism freed artists to play with the form more abstractly. Artists such as Picasso, with the invention of Cubism, broke up the form to imply movement through space and time. Analyzing an Artwork When analyzing a work of art, a formal analysis is separate from that of its content or context. A formal analysis means applying the elements and principles of art to analyze the work visually. The formal analysis can reveal compositional decisions that help to reinforce content, the work’s essence, meaning, and the artist’s intent, as well as give clues as to historical context. For example, the feelings of mystery, awe, and transcendence that are evoked from some of the most enduring Renaissance masterpieces, such as the Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci, 1517), The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo, 1512),  the Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci, 1498) are distinct from the formal compositional elements and principles such as line, color, space, shape, contrast, emphasis, etc., the artist used to create the painting and that contribute to its meaning, effect, and timeless quality. Resources and Further Reading Form, Tate Museum, tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/formThe Art of Sculpture, Encyclopedia of Art, visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htmThe hole of life, Tate Museum, tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/hole-of-lifeBarbara Hepworth vs Henry Moore, CultureWhisper, https://www.culturewhisper.com/r/article/preview/3670Works of Antoni Gaudi, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320Henry Moore Foundation, https://www.henry-moore.orgBarbara Hepworth, https://barbarahepworth.org.ukJames Turrell, http://jamesturrell.com Resources for Teachers The Elements of Art: Form, Grade Level: 3-4, National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/lessons-activities/elements-of-art/form.htmlShape and Form in Art: Instructional Program for Grades K-4, Teacher’s Guide, http://gettingtoknow.com/wp-content/uploads/shapeinartTG.pdf